ABSTRACT Grafting can be an ally in the vegetable’s soilless cultivation, being the objective of this work evaluate the growth and production, as well as to define the thermal sum and trophic limit of grafted and non-grafted tomato plants cultivated in substrate. The experiments were conducted in a protected environment in the city of Jaguari-RS, in two growing seasons in the years 2019 and 2020. Italian and Gaucho tomato cultivars were used, the rootstock was chosen for giving vigor and longevity to the plants. Yield data were obtained through weekly fruit harvesting, growth data through periodic collections of whole plants and the total biomass obtained at the end of the experiments. Grafted plants show greater vegetative growth regardless of the crop season; however, non-grafted plants are more productive in a growing cycle with restricted light and low temperatures. Grafted plants require a greater thermal sum to complete their phenological stages. The trophic limit for grafted and non-grafted plants of Italian and Gaucho tomato cultivars is 4.8 MJ/m2/day.

RESUMO A enxertia pode ser uma aliada no cultivo sem solo de hortaliças, sendo o objetivo deste trabalho avaliar o crescimento e a produção, assim como definir a soma térmica e o limite trófico de plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas de tomateiro cultivadas em substrato. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em ambiente protegido na cidade de Jaguari-RS, em duas safras de cultivo nos anos 2019 e 2020. Foram utilizadas cultivares de tomateiro do tipo italiano e gaúcho, o porta enxerto foi escolhido por conferir vigor e longevidade às plantas. Os resultados produtivos foram obtidos por meio da colheita semanal dos frutos, os dados de crescimento por meio de coletas periódicas de plantas inteiras e a biomassa total obtida ao final dos experimentos. As plantas enxertadas apresentam maior crescimento vegetativo independente da safra de cultivo, no entanto, as plantas não enxertadas são mais produtivas em ciclo de cultivo com restrição de luminosidade e baixas temperaturas. As plantas enxertadas exigem maior soma térmica para completar seus estádios fenológicos. O limite trófico para plantas enxertadas e de pé franco das cultivares de tomateiro do tipo italiano e gaúcho é de 4,8 MJ/m2/dia.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the base temperature of six lisianthus cultivars, grown at seven planting seasons in the municipality of Capão do Leão, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The following cultivars were evaluated: DBL Echo Blue, Robella 2 Pink, Excalibur White, Excalibur 2 Blue Picotee, DBL Echo Champagne, and Arena III Red. Base temperature was determined from the air temperature data collected daily, in each planting season, fusing the lowest variability and development ratio methods. The base temperature for lisianthus cultivars is between 14.0 and 15.0ºC, by the lowest variability method, and between 13.9 and 15.0ºC by the development ratio method. The highest thermal accumulation was obseerved in the second planting season (from 11/23/2017 to 02/22/2018) for all cultivars, and lower air temperatures during the growing season resulted in longer production cycles. In the seven planting seasons, the highest base temperature is 15.0ºC, obtained for cultivar Arena III Red, and the is 14°C, for all lisianthus cultivars.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a temperatura base para seis cultivares de lisianto, cultivadas em sete épocas de plantio no município de Capão do Leão, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As seguintes cultivares de lisianto froam avaliadas: DBL Echo Blue, Robella 2 Pink, Excalibur White, Excalibur 2 Blue Picotee, DBL Echo Champagne e Arena III Red. A temperatura base foi determinada a partir dos dados de temperatura do ar coletados diariamente, em cada época de plantio, por meio dos métodos de menor variabilidade e razão de desenvolvimento. A temperatura base para as cultivares de lisianto é entre 14,0 e 15,0ºC, pelo método de menor variabilidade, e entre 13,9 e 15,0ºC, pelo método de razão de desenvolvimento. O maior acúmulo térmico foi observado na segunda época de cultivo (de 23/11/2017 a 22/02/2018) para todas as cultivares, e as menores temperaturas do ar, durante a estação de crescimento, resultaram em maiores ciclos produtivos. Nas sete épocas de plantio, a maior temperatura base é 15,0ºC, obtida para a cultivar Arena III Red, e a menor é 14,0oC, para todas as cultivares de lisianto.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento y la calidad de lisianthus cultivado en diferentes sustratos de cascarilla de arroz. Los sustratos evaluados fueron: cascarilla de arroz carbonizada (CAC; 100%); cascarilla de arroz cruda (CACr; 100%); CAC (70%) + abono orgánico comercial S10 Beifort® (30%); y CACr (70%) + abono orgánico comercial S10 Beifort® (30%). Se analizaron la producción y partición de la materia seca (MS) de la planta, el área de la hoja del planta y la relación MS de la parte aérea/raíces. También fueron evaluados los parámetros de calidad del tallo de la flor (altura del tallo, diámetro y cantidad de flores y capullos). El sustrato 100% CACr redujo el crecimiento de las plantas y el formación de flores. Esto cambió la partición de materia seca entre los órganos de la planta. Los sustratos CACr + S10 y CAC proporcionaron tallos florales de calidad. Por lo tanto, ambos sustratos pueden ser utilizados para producir flores de lisianthus cortadas en el sistema de recirculación de nutrientes. Sin embargo, el sustrato CACr + S10 se destacó por aumentar el crecimiento de las plantas. Este resultado se atribuye la mejora de las propiedades físicas y químicas del sustrato CACr + S10, debido la presencia del abono orgánico, que benefició la capacidad de retención de agua y el CAC, que garantizó una alta porosidad de lo sustrato.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the growth and quality of lisianthus cultivated in different rice husk substrates. The evaluated substrates were: carbonized rice husk (CRH; 100%); raw rice husk (RRH; 100%); CRH (70%) + S10 Beifort® commercial organic compost (30%); and RRH (70%) + S10 Beifort® commercial organic compost (30%). Plant dry mass (DM) production and partitioning, plant leaf area and shoot/root DM ratio were analyzed. Quality parameters of the flower stems were also evaluated (length; diameter and number of flowers and buds). The RRH substrate at 100% reduced plant growth and prevented flower development. This modified dry mass partitioning among the plant organs. The substrates RRH + S10 and CRH provided quality flower stems. Thus, both substrates can be used to produce cut lisianthus flowers in recirculating nutrient systems. However, the RRH + S10 substrate stood out because it increased plant growth. This result is ascribed to the improvement of the physical and chemical properties of substrate RRH + S10 as a result of the presence of both the organic compost, which benefited the water holding capacity, and the RRH, which guaranteed high porosity to the substrate.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento y rendimiento de tres cultivares híbridos de pepino de conserva, Feisty, Kybria y Tony, cultivados en el sistema de canales con recirculación del lixiviado y empleando el sustrato cascarilla de arroz in natura nuevo y reutilizado después del cultivo de tomate (CAR). El ensayo se instaló en un invernadero ubicado al sur de Brasil, entre el octubre del 2016 y el enero del 2017. Donde se evaluó las siguientes variables: masa seca de hojas, tallo y frutos, número de hojas, índice de área foliar y rendimiento. No se encontraron interacciones significativas entre el cultivar y el sustrato. La CAR no afectó el crecimiento ni tampoco el rendimiento de las plantas, sin embargo, ocasionó el incremento del peso medio de los frutos de pepino y la disminución en el número de frutos cosechados. 'Kybria', seguida de 'Tony', presentaron mayor crecimiento de frutos y rendimiento en relación a 'Feisty', en el cual se observó mayor crecimiento vegetativo en detrimento del crecimiento de los frutos. Los rendimientos obtenidos fueron altos con valores de 4,85; 7,18 y 8,33 kg m-2, respectivamente para los híbridos Feisty, Tony y Kybria. Así, se puede considerar que la cascarilla de arroz, nueva y reutilizada, son excelentes para la producción del pepino de conserva en sistema de recirculación de solución nutritiva.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of three pickling cucumber hybrid cultivars: Feisty, Kybria and Tony, using a fresh rice husk substrate and a rice husk substrate reused after tomato cultivation in a leachate recirculation system (CAR). This trial was installed in a greenhouse located in southern Brazil between October, 2016 and January, 2017. The following variables were evaluated: dry mass of leaves, stems and fruits, number of leaves, leaf area index and yield. No significant interactions were found between the cultivars and the substrates. The reused substrate did not affect the growth nor the yield of the plants; however, the CAR caused an increase in the average weight of the cucumber fruits and a decrease in the number of harvested fruits. 'Kybria', followed by 'Tony', presented a higher fruit growth and yield than 'Feisty', in which a greater vegetative growth was observed to the detriment of the fruit growth. The yields were high with values of 8.33, 7.18 and 4.85 kg m-2, respectively, for the hybrids: Feisty, Kybria and Tony. In conclusion, rice husks, new and reused, are excellent for the production of canned cucumbers in a nutrient recirculation system.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el crecimiento, productividad y calidad de gypsophila variedad New Amore®, cultivada en canales rellenos con sustratos y sistema con recirculación de la solución nutritiva en el sur de Brazil. Los tratamientos fueron el resultado de la combinación de cuatro sustratos [cascarilla de arroz carbonizada (CAC100%), cascarilla de arroz cruda (CACr100%), CAC + sustrato comercial orgánico S10 (Beifort®) (15%) y CA-Cr + S10 (15%)] y dos épocas de poda (precoz y tardía). Los sustratos no afectaron la distribución de la materia seca entre las flores y los órganos vegetativos, así como el balance entre el crecimiento de la parte aérea y de las raíces. Sin embargo, el cultivo en el sustrato CACr100% redujo el crecimiento de la parte aérea, la producción y la calidad de los tallos florales. Los sustratos CAC100% y CACr+S10 pueden ser indicados para el cultivo de gypsophila debido a los buenos resultados obtenidos. La poda tardía aumentó el crecimiento, la productividad y mejoró la calidad de los tallos florales de gypsophila. Se concluye que las plantas de gypsophila se adaptaron bien al sistema de cultivo con recirculación de la solución nutritiva.

ABSTRACT This research evaluated the growth, yield and quality of gypsophila New Amore® variety grown in gutters filled with substrate in a system with leaching recirculation in southern Brazil. The treatments were the result of the combination of four substrates [carbonized rice husk (CRH100%), raw rice husk (RRH100%), CRH + organic commercial substrate S10 (Beifort®) (15%) and RRH+S10 (15%)] with two pruning times (early and late). The substrates did not affect the dry matter partitioning between the flowers and vegetative organs or the balance between the shoot and root growth. However, RRH100% reduced the shoot growth, flower stem yield and quality. The CRH100% and RRH+S10 substrates can be indicated for gypsophila cultivation once, in a general way, they presented promising results. The late pruning increased the gypsophila growth and yield and benefited the quality of the stems. The gypsophila plants adapted well to the employed crop system.

ABSTRACT With the advancement of small size tomato cultivation in recent years, studies on fruit grading are necessary to obtain a commercialization standard. Therefore, the objective of the work was to perform the grading, based on the fruit size of Grape and Cherry mini tomatoes, considering the effects of different cropping systems and defoliation levels. Tomato plants of Wanda Cherry Hybrid® and Dolcetto Grape Hybrid® varieties were grown in two closed soilless systems (troughs and pots), using substrate of raw rice husk, under three different defoliation intensities (without defoliation, removal of one and two leaves of the sympodium). For fruits grading, two sets of five sieves were used, with mesh drilling adapted for each variety. The chosen meshes were: 35, 30, 25, 20 and 0 mm for Cherry, and 25, 20, 15, 10 and 0 mm for Grape. From the beginning of the fruit harvest the variables of number and mean weight of fruits retained in each of the sieves were evaluated, for each variety. A total of 8284 fruits of the Cherry type and 8033 fruits of the Grape type were evaluated during seven months of harvest. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, linear regression, and comparison of means by the Tukey test. The obtained results indicated that defoliation reduced the amount of fruits grading as large for both Cherry and Grape varieties. The troughs system benefited the production of Grape variety fruits grading as large. The sieves 1, 2 and 3 are suitable for the fruits grading of both varieties. The grading of mini tomato fruits with the use of specific sieves for each type variety is feasible.

RESUMEN Con el aumento de la superficie cultivada de tomates de pequeño diámetro, es necesario establecer una normativa de clasificación para su comercialización. El objetivo del estudio es proponer una clasificación para tomates tipos Cereza y Grape en función al tamaño de los frutos, el efecto del sistema de cultivo y la intensidad del deshojado. Se cultivaron tomates tipo cereza Wanda y tipo Grape Dolcetto, bajo dos sistemas cerrados de cultivo sin suelo (canales y macetas). Se utilizó cáscara de arroz in natura como sustrato, con tres intensidades de deshojado (plantas con el simpodio completo; una y dos hojas eliminadas por simpodio). Para la clasificación de los frutos, se utilizó dos series de cinco tamices con mallas de perforaciones adaptadas a cada variedad. Se seleccionaron las siguientes mallas: para Cereza 35, 30, 25, 20 mm y recolector, y para Grape 25, 20, 15, 10 mm y recolector. A partir del inicio de la recolección de los frutos se han evaluado las variables número y peso medio de los frutos retenidos en cada uno de los tamices para cada una de las variedades. Se evaluaron 8.284 frutos del tipo Cereza y 8.033 del tipo Grape durante siete meses de cosecha. Los datos sometidos a un análisis de varianza, regresión lineal; las medias fueron comparadas con la prueba de Tukey. Los resultados indicaron que el deshojado disminuyó la cantidad de frutos clasificados como grandes para ambas variedades. El sistema de canales favoreció la producción de frutos clasificados como grandes para la variedad Grape. Los tamices 1, 2 y 3 fueron adecuados para la clasificación de los frutos de ambas variedades. Es posible ordenar el tamaño de frutos de tomates con el uso de tamices específicos para cada tipo de variedad.

RESUMEN La adición de compost orgánico (CO) a la cáscara de arroz cruda (CAC) podría traer beneficios productivos al cultivo del tomate, al conferirle mayor poder buffer y capacidad de retención de agua al sustrato en sistemas con recirculación del lixiviado. Asimismo, es necesaria la elección de variedades que respondan positivamente a la tecnología propuesta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar los efectos de la adición del CO a la CAC sobre las características físicas y químicas del sustrato [a través de la comparación entre la CAIN (100%) y la mezcla de CAC (80%) + CO (20%)] sobre el crecimiento y el comportamiento productivo de cuatro híbridos de tomate salado [Ivety, Sofhia-F3, Sheila Victoria y Lumi (Sakata® Seed)]. Se evaluaron las características químicas y físicas de los sustratos, la producción (tamaño, número, peso y rendimiento de frutos a lo largo de la cosecha), partición de la materia seca y la concentración de sólidos solubles totales (SST). La adición de CO mejoró las características físicas y químicas del sustrato, pero no afectó las principales variables del crecimiento y de la producción de la hortaliza. Las cuatro variedades presentaron similar crecimiento y rendimiento de frutos pero Sheila Victoria presentó la mayor concentración de SST. El rendimiento obtenido se considera alto, con rangos que van desde 6,3 kg/planta para las variedades Sophya-F3 y Sheila Victoria, 6,5 kg/planta para la variedad Lumi, y 7,6 kg/planta obtenido con la variedad Ivety. Los resultados indican que es innecesaria la adición de CO a la CAC y que las cuatro variedades se adaptan de forma similar al sistema propuesto.

ABSTRACT The addition of organic compost (OC) to raw rice husk (RRH) may benefit the production of a tomato crop by conferring a greater buffer capacity and water holding capacity to the substrate in a leach recirculation system. At the same time, the selection of varieties that respond positively to the proposed technology is required. The objective of this work was to study the effects of adding OC to RRH on the physical and chemical properties of substrate [by comparing RRH (100%) and the mixture of RRH (80%) + OC (20%)] and on growth and yield responses of four tomato hybrid varieties [Ivety, Sofhia-F3, Sheila Victoria, and Lumi (Sakata® Seed)]. The chemical and physical properties of substrates, plant dry matter production and partitioning, fruit number, mean weight and yield, and fruit total soluble solids (TSS) content were evaluated. Fruit grading and harvest distribution along the crop cycle were also performed. The addition of OC improved the physical and chemical properties of the substrate. However, it did not affect the major growth and productive characteristics of the crop. All four varieties presented similar growth and fruit yield, but Sheila Victoria stood out as having the highest TSS. The yields were considered high, ranging from 6.3 kg/plant for Sophya and Sheila Victoria, 6.5 kg/plant for Lumi, to 7.6 kg/plant for Ivety. The results indicated that the addition of OC to RRH is unnecessary and that the four varieties adapted similarly to the proposed system.

RESUMO. O emprego de casca de arroz in natura como substrato permite empregar sistemas de cultivo que promovam a reutilização do lixiviado em ciclos longos de produção, sendo importante estudar o manejo fitotécnico da cultura nesta condição. Os minitomates apresentam demanda de fotoassimilados relativamente pequena. Assim, a desfolha parcial do simpódio poderia beneficiar a cultura sem prejuízos à produção e qualidade dos frutos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, o comportamento produtivo e a qualidade de frutos de minitomateiro Cereja Híbrido Wanda e Grape Híbrido Dolcetto em dois sistemas fechados de cultivo (vasos e calhas), empregando casca de arroz in natura como substrato, sob três condições de desfolha (sem desfolha, retirada de uma e duas folhas do simpódio). A cultivar Cereja apresentou maior crescimento da planta, produção e tamanho médio de frutos. A cultivar Grape apresentou frutos com maior concentração de açúcares. Para cultivar Grape, a retirada de uma folha do simpódio não afetou as respostas produtivas. Entretanto, para cultivar Cereja é necessária a manutenção do simpódio completo. O sistema de cultivo em calhas melhora o crescimento e eleva as respostas produtivas, enquanto que o sistema de vasos aumenta a concentração de açúcares dos frutos.

ABSTRACT. The use of raw rice husk as substrate allows the use of crop systems that promote the recirculation of leachate in long crop cycles. Mini tomatoes present relatively low demand for photoassimilates. Thus, partial defoliation of the sympodium could benefit the crop without damage to the production or quality of the fruits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the plant growth, fruit yield and fruit quality of Cherry Hybrid Wanda and Grape Hybrid Dolcetto mini tomatoes cultivated in two recirculation crop systems (pots and troughs), using raw rice husk as substrate, under three defoliation conditions (without defoliation, removal of one and two leaves of the sympodium). The Cherry cultivar showed higher plant growth, fruit yield and mean fruit size. The Grape cultivar produced fruits with higher sugar concentration. For the Grape cultivar, the removal of one sympodium leaf did not affect the plant responses. However, for the Cherry cultivar, it was necessary to maintain the complete sympodium. The trough cultivation system improved plant growth and yield, whereas the pot system increased fruit sugar concentration.

Com o objetivo de determinar o melhor substrato disponível na região para o enraizamento de estacas de Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Parl., utilizaram-se os substratos vermiculita fina, casca de arroz carbonizada, areia e as misturas casca de arroz carbonizada + vermiculita fina e areia + vermiculita fina (1:1 v/v). O experimento foi realizado em estufa do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel/Universidade Federal de Pelotas, no período de maio a setembro de 1997, sob nebulização intermitente. Foram empregadas estacas apicais com 15cm de comprimento, submetidas ao tratamento com ácido indolbutírico (AIB) na concentração de 10.000ppm. Foram efetuadas as seguintes avaliações: número de raízes por estaca, peso da matéria seca das raízes, comprimento da maior raiz por estaca e percentual de estacas enraizadas. Os resultados mostraram que dos substratos testados e com a concentração de AIB utilizada, a vermiculita fina apresentou os melhores resultados, com 99% das estacas enraizadas, maior número raízes por estaca (15), maior comprimento de raiz (12cm) e maior peso da matéria seca das raízes (0,04g).

To determine the best medium available in Pelotas, RS, for rooting of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Parl. cuttings, the media fine vermiculite, carbonized rice hull, sand, carbonized rice hull + fine vermiculite and sand + fine vermiculite (1:1 v/v) were used. This experiment was carried out in a glass greenhouse with intermitent mist at the Plant Science Department of Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel/Universidade Federal de Pelotas, from May to September 1997. Apical cuttings 15cm long were treated with indolbutyric acid (IBA) at 10.000ppm. The following evaluations were made: number of roots per cutting, weight of root dry matter, length of the longest root per cutting, and rooted cutting percentage. The results show that the vermiculite medium, with the IBA concentration utilized, is the most suitable for the rooting of C. lawsoniana cuttings, with 99% of rooting, greater number of roots per cutting (15), greater length of roots (12cm) and greater weight of root dry matter (0.04g).